The decision to approve the A303 Stonehenge tunnel scheme was "unlawful", a High Court judge has ruled.

That's the outcome of a judicial review into the dual carriageway and short tunnel through the World Heritage Site, which had been given the green light by Transport Secretary Grant Shapps in November last year.

Save Stonehenge World Heritage Site (SSWHS) challenged the Secretary of State's decision to back the £1.7 billion scheme to overhaul eight miles of the A303, including the two-mile tunnel.

The go-ahead came despite advice from Planning Inspectorate officials claiming the scheme would cause “permanent, irreversible harm” to the Unesco World Heritage Site.

UNESCO had warned that Stonehenge’s status as a world heritage site would be in danger if plans for a tunnel underneath it were not altered.

In a ruling today (Friday July 30), Mr Justice Holgate found the decision was “unlawful” on two grounds.

He concluded that there was a “material error of law” in the decision-making process because there was no evidence of the impact on each individual asset at the historic site.

He also found that Mr Shapps failed to consider alternative schemes, in accordance with the World Heritage Convention and common law.

The judge said: “The relevant circumstances of the present case are wholly exceptional.

“In this case the relative merits of the alternative tunnel options compared to the western cutting and portals were an obviously material consideration which the (Transport Secretary) was required to assess.

“It was irrational not to do so. This was not merely a relevant consideration which the (Transport Secretary) could choose whether or not to take into account.

“I reach this conclusion for a number of reasons, the cumulative effect of which I judge to be overwhelming.”

As part of his judgement, Mr Justice Holgate noted the Transport Secretary’s acceptance that the road scheme would have caused permanent and irreversible harm to the World Heritage Site.

John Adams, OBE, Save Stonehenge World Heritage Site (SSWHS) director and acting chairman of the Stonehenge Alliance, said: “We could not be more pleased about the outcome of the legal challenge. The Stonehenge Alliance has campaigned from the start for a longer tunnel if a tunnel should be considered necessary.

"Ideally, such a tunnel would begin and end outside the WHS [World Heritage Site]. But now that we are facing a climate emergency, it is all the more important that this ruling should be a wake-up call for the government.

"It should look again at its roads programme and take action to reduce road traffic and eliminate any need to build new and wider roads that threaten the environment as well as our cultural heritage.”

SSWHS awaits the Secretary of State’s decision on whether he will appeal against the judgement. 

Rowan Smith, a Leigh Day solicitor who represented the campaigners, said: “This is a huge victory, which means, for now, Stonehenge is safe.

“The judgment is a clear vindication of our client’s tremendous efforts in campaigning to protect the World Heritage Site.

“The development consent for this damaging tunnel has been declared unlawful and is now quashed, and the Government will have to go back to the drawing board before a new decision can be made.

“Meanwhile, one of the country’s most cherished heritage assets cannot be harmed.”

A panel of expert inspectors recommended that development consent should be withheld because the project would substantially and permanently harm the integrity and authenticity of the site, which includes the stone circle and the wider archaeology-rich landscape.

In a report to Mr Shapps, the officials said permanent, irreversible harm, critical to the outstanding universal value of the site, or why it is internationally important, would occur, “affecting not only our own, but future generations”.

However, for others, the ruling was "a missed opportunity".

A Historic England spokesperson said: “We are disappointed in the outcome of the Judicial Review. This is a missed opportunity to remove the intrusive sight and sound of traffic past the iconic monument and to reunite the remarkable Stonehenge landscape, which has been severed in two by the busy A303 trunk road for decades.

“We believe that the scheme had the potential to deliver a lasting positive legacy for the World Heritage Site and we advised on a rigorous programme of archaeological investigation to ensure the impact on sensitive archaeological remains was minimised.

“Stonehenge is one of the most important prehistoric landscapes in the world and has been of deep significance to people for over 5,000 years.

“We will continue work with partners in the heritage sector and to advise Highways England on any proposals for the A303.”

The Stonehenge site, together with Avebury, was declared by Unesco to be a World Heritage Site of Outstanding Universal Value in 1986 on account of the size of the megaliths, the sophistication of their concentric plans and the complexes of Neolithic and Bronze Age sites and monuments.

The proposed tunnel is part of a £1.7 billion investment in the A303 between Amesbury and Berwick Down.